Frequency‐dependent evolution in a predator–prey system

We present a discrete-time predator–prey model in which the prey population is assumed to evolve response toxicant. incorporate frequency-dependent selection into evolution, assuming that an individual's susceptibility predation depends on both trait it possesses and traits of others population. When symmetric, we show equation unable track changes fitness landscape, is, landscape may change while continues same value. As result, evolution produce unfit populations. Meanwhile, asymmetric frequency-dependence have destabilizing effect system, resulting closed invariant curve via Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Recommendations for Resource Managers considering impact toxicant or other disturbance important consider duration whether any impacted species potential reduce Evolution resistance system dynamics number ways, such as enabling persistence at higher levels. However, here has destabilize dynamics, stable curves. Destabilization consequences persistence, periods low abundance increase possibility extinction.